In the 1940s, only 200 families owned 95% of all land in Tibet, and 95% of its people were illiterate

 https://historicly.substack.com/p/tibet-china-and-the-violent-reaction

In the 1940s, only 200 families owned 95% of all land in Tibet, and 95% of its people were illiterate. Child labor was rampant, and malnutrition was common. The average life expectancy for serfs in Tibet was 36 years. When the serfs were "taxed," they had to provide various forms of forced labor. Some serfs owed all their daytime labor to the lords, others owed five days a week of unpaid labor, and some were at the disposal of the lord's every whim.